Diwali Day 4: Main Day

The day and especially the night of Kārtika’s New Moon (amāvasyā) is an exceedingly sacred time of the year, and many Hindu regional/tribal traditions and the Hindu Dharma traditions in general have their own reasons and methods for observing it. Nevertheless, due to the unique environments and histories of certain regions, some focus on other days in the Dīpāvali (Diwali) period as their main day. In ancient times, this period of the year was the pivotal harvest of the summer/monsoon season crops, and started from the Full Moon of the Āśvina lunar month, known as Śarat Pūrṇimā, lasting to the New Moon of Kārtika. In the old world, it was common for farmers to illuminate their fields with rows of lamps, a feature which is preserved in many of the festivities of Diwali

In modern times, from the individual homes to the community gatherings, Diwali’s central theme of reconciliation, moving forward, and illumination make this one of the most celebrated festival days in the world (nearly 800 million people, according to estimates). Here in the U.S., Hindus have come to be known for their celebration of Diwali, which is even being used in mainstream media and businesses to reach Hindu American markets. Politicians recognize it, schools teach about it and some states even give holidays to students – and while these are great strides forward for the Hindu American community, there is a tendency to reduce the festival to a basic story of light over darkness. As we will see, there are many reasons why this festival is about illuminating the various colors of our hearts’ emotions across the spectrum to achieve true prosperity through wisdom.

Jump to the stories of Diwali

Stories & Observances

The Marriage of Lakshmi and Vishnu

Picking up the story from Dhanvantari Trayodaśī, just after Lakṣmī (Lakshmi) arose from the churning of the milk ocean, she toured the galaxies looking for a partner who would match her intelligence and magnificence. She finally saw Viṣṇu (Vishnu) and knew in her heart that he was the one for her. On this day of Diwali, Lakshmi elected to marry Vishnu, leading to one of the most celebrated unions in the Hindu sacred sources of knowledge, emblematic as it is of the harmony needed within a person to to be able to holistically prosper in life. The Purāṇas (particularly the Viṣṇu and Bhāgavata Purāṇas) describe a celestial wedding, where the devas, seers, and other cosmic beings all gathered. Brahmā officiated the wedding, while the oceans and rivers offered their water, and the celestial musicians sang sweet songs that showered blessings. The Vishnu Purāṇa emphasizes Lakshmi and Vishnu’s inseparability: “Vishnu is all that is meant by words; She is all that is expressed by speech. He is virtue, she is devotion. He is the origin, she is the multiverse. He is the sun, she is the radiance. Of all that is masculine in the universe, Vishnu is the essence; of all that is feminine, Lakshmi is the essence.1 Their marriage thus signifies a cosmic complementarity; so while Vishnu embodies preservation and ethical leadership, Lakshmi embodies abundance and devotion. The Padma Purāṇa, Devī Bhāgavata Purāṇa, and others further glorify this relationship, presenting Lakshmi as the essential power without which Vishnu cannot act2. It is this merriment and aspiration that is celebrated by a number of communities as the main story behind Diwali. However, there are others.

The Return of the Pāṇḍavas from Exile

This story is told by the Mahābhārata, the longest poem in global human history. The five Pāṇḍava brothers returned home on this day after their 13-year long exile and the subsequent Kurukṣetra War. It thus is a celebration of new beginnings for them and for all the citizens of the realms. 

Their first 12 years of grueling exile saw the Pāṇḍavas living in a forest, subject to numerous attempts on their lives. The next year had them hiding out in the kingdom of another ruler. At the end of the total 13 years, circumstances led their tyrannical opponents, their cousins the Kauravas, to start the Kurukshetra War, which is narrated in depth in the Mahābhārata.

With Kṛṣṇa (Krishna) as their guide and ethical values as their compass, the Pāṇḍavas emerge victorious over the Kauravas, but at a devastating cost to the lives of the millions of soldiers and war animals. So, when they returned to the capital city, jubilation spread throughout the lands.

Internally, though, the elder Pāṇḍava brother Yudhiṣṭhira,  was not feeling triumphant but was flooded with compassion and grief for the destruction of human life in the war3. Thus, this return is less about political restoration than moral renewal. The Pāṇḍavas, purified by suffering and war, are now fit to rule with ethics and restraint because they have experienced what it was like to be in the shoes of a soldier, common man, spiritual seer, court advisor, a lover, and, of course, a royal. Thus, the return of the Pāṇḍavas after their long exile is one of the most poignant episodes of the Mahābhārata, which symbolizes the restoration of dharma after immense trial and patience.

The Return of Sita, Rama, and Lakshmana

Due to the global popularity – from ancient times – of the Hindu source of knowledge known as the Rāmāyaṇa, the most frequently told story of Diwali is that of the return of Sītā (Sita), Rāma (Rama), and Lakṣmaṇa (Lakshmana) to their capital city of Ayodhyā after fourteen years of exile. Their journey home is itself laden with symbolic meaning. It represented not only the end of physical exile but also the restoration of ethical and social order. Along the way, people of villages and towns welcomed them, singing and preparing the way with flowers and lamps, for their dear Sita, Rama, and Lakshmana were back! Upon arrival in Ayodhyā, the entire city was illuminated with countless dīpams, the streets were decorated with raṅgolīs and kolams, and homes were thoroughly cleaned and adorned. Many of the traditional ways of celebrating Diwali are referenced here. In Ayodhyā today, the Deepotsav festival along the banks of the Sarayū River commemorates this event, with millions of lamps creating a luminous spectacle that draws pilgrims and tourists alike from across the globe4. Reenactments of this episode take place in temples and community centers worldwide.

Kālī Mā and the Clone War

What is celebrated in western regions of India the night before on Kālī Caudas takes the central stage for Hindus from West Bengal, Bangladesh and surrounding regions. Here, Lakshmi Pūjā happens during the full moon immediately prior to the new moon of Diwali in a festival known as Kojāgoro Lokkhī Pūjo. On the new moon, it is the night of Kālī Mā, for the exact same reasons as Kālī Caudas – her defeat of Raktabījā and his clone army.

Kedāra Gaurī Vratam: The Power of Spiritual Practice

The story of Bhṛṅgi Ṛṣi, the Vedic seer, and Pārvati Devī, the consort of Śiva (Shiva), tells of the power of Śakti (Shakti), the feminine power underlying the multiverse. According to the Skanda Purāṇa and later southern Indian folktales and traditions, Bhṛṅgī was an ardent devotee of Shiva. His devotion, however, was marred by a refusal to acknowledge Pārvati as equally divine. Whenever he came to venerate Shiva, Bhṛṅgi circumambulated Shiva alone, excluding Pārvati. Disturbed by Bhṛṅgi’s inability to see that his spiritual practices would be useless without acknowledging the divine feminine, Pārvati instructed him that Shiva and her were inseparable halves of the same truth. To prove this, she undertook the spiritual penances that became known as Kedāra Gaurī Vrata in order to show him what true spiritual wisdom and practice will result in. At the conclusion of the 21-day undertaking, Shiva appeared, and she merged into him, creating the combined manifestation of Ardhanārīśvara, a unique singular body with feminine and masculine halves. In other versions of the story, it is Bhṛṅgi who undertakes the vrata, bereft of Shakti, and through his perseverance they were pleased, appearing as the merged Ardhanārīśvara, and Shakti reentered and healed his body. In either case, the night of Diwali is the culmination of the 21-day spiritual practices of Kedāra Gaurī Vrata, but many devotees only observe the fast on this day itself instead of the full 21 day period5.

Lakshmi, Ganesh and the Pīpala Tree

Diwali isn’t just about learning a lesson or fighting a battle. It’s also about discovering the divinity and joy in the simple things such as family and community. One story speaks of the significance of the Pīpala tree (ficus religiosa), also known as the Aśvattha tree in Sanskrit, and why it holds special prominence in this context. The Pīpala tree is highlighted in the Ṛg Veda (1.164.20) as representative of the metaphorical cosmic tree, whose roots are in space and branches spread across the earth. Later Purāṇas and folk traditions developed tales connecting the Pīpala with prosperity and familial harmony.

One popular story, especially told during Diwali, involves Lakshmi and Gaṇeśa (Ganesh). In this tale, Lakshmi, personification of holistic prosperity, once declared that she would visit every home during the festival of Diwali to bless her devotees. However, she was reminded by Vishnu that wealth without wisdom often leads to imbalance. Lakshmi then invited Ganesh, the remover of obstacles and embodiment of intelligence, to accompany her. On the way, they stopped beneath a sacred Pīpala tree, and a little girl who was nearby decided to give these guests some hospitality – sweeping the ground, lighting a lamp, and offering them food. Pleased by her devotion and humility, Lakshmi granted her wealth, while Ganesh blessed her with wisdom and protection. This story explains the regional traditions where families place lamps near a Pīpala tree or a sacred corner of the courtyard, invoking Lakshmi’s prosperity alongside Ganesh’s wisdom. In other regions, households ceremonially welcome Lakshmi and Ganesh together, often offering sweets and symbolic “seating” for them on small platforms during the night of Diwali. In southern India, the Pīpala tree itself may be decorated, and children are encouraged to sweep around it and offer flowers or lamps, echoing the little girl’s devotion. Across regions, the story and its enactments emphasize that true prosperity arises from a combination of humility, wisdom, and awareness of the multiverse.

Chopaḍā Pūjā: Blessing the accounts

Many communities historically involved in commerce, trade, and business harness the sacredness of this day to sanctify the account books. Before Dhanvantari Trayodaśī, the accounts of the last fiscal year are balanced and audited, to be closed before the Lakshmi Pūjā of that evening. However, on this Diwali day of the New Moon, they organise ceremonies to bless the account books of the new fiscal year. Lakshmi’s prosperity, Ganesh’s symbolism of overcoming challenges, and Śāradā’s intelligence – these are inspirational powers that suffuse the celebrations in these regions, and so the account books (physical or digital) are blessed and inaugurated in ceremonies across the world.

Śāradā Pūjā: Blessing education

In the communities that organize Chopaḍā Pūjā, there is a special celebration for Śāradā Devī (also known as Sarasvatī, the personification of wisdom and the arts), for the sake of students. As they are about to begin the post-harvest winter term, blessings are sought from Śāradā Devī for a successful year ahead full of learning, insight, and inspiration.

Gāī Tihār: Bovine festivities in Nepal

Gāī Tihār is the third day of the five days of Diwali, known as Tihār and Swānti in Nepal, which is also about Lakshmi Pūjā, but as the cow was a major locus of wealth in the ancient world (the dairy market was very lucrative in the old world – even in 2024, the global dairy industry was valued between 542 billion and 1 trillion US dollars), it made sense to use the cow as the best symbol for her. On this day, just like for Kukur Tihār, the cows, bulls, and calves are decorated, paraded, fed, and are generally shown gratitude for their place in the prosperity of society.

Continue Reading

Day 1

Govatsa Dvādaśī & Vasu Bāras

Day 2

Dhanteras & Dhanvantari Trayodashi

Day 3

Naraka Chaturdashi & Choti Diwali

Day 4

Main day of Diwali

Day 5

Govardhan Pūjā & Annakūṭa

Day 6

Bhai Beej & Yama Dvitiya